ACANTHUS ILICIFOLIUS L: ETHNOBOTANY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, PHARMACOLOGYAND SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES (AGNPS)

Acanthus ilicifoliusbelongs to the family Acanthaceaeis a medicinal plant widely distributed in the coastal areas of tropical and subtropical regions. It has been traditionally used in various systems of folk medicine for managing conditions such as wounds, fever, inflammation, and respiratory problems. Phytochemical investigations have revealed the presence of several biologically active constituents, including flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and terpenoids. These constituents are associated with a range of biological effects, particularly antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. Experimental pharmacological studies have further reported promising therapeutic potential of A. ilicifolius, including anticancer, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, immune-modulating, and wound-healing effects. Despite these encouraging findings, evidence from human clinical studies remains limited, and its therapeutic benefits and safety in humans have not yet been adequately established. Available toxicological studies suggest that the plant may be well tolerated at appropriate doses; however, excessive or prolonged administration should be approached with caution. Animal studies have indicated that higher doses of certain extracts may adversely affect hepatic and renal functions, emphasizing the importance of dose optimization and appropriate treatment duration. Further investigations are therefore required to clarify the pharmacological mechanisms, bioavailability, effective dosage, clinical efficacy, and long-term safety of A. ilicifolius. This review summarizes and critically discusses the traditional applications, phytochemical composition, pharmacological properties, and available toxicity data of A. ilicifolius, providing useful insights for researchers, healthcare professionals, and practitioners working in herbal and natural-product medicine.